In mathematical topology, there is the concept of an infinite loop or a closed loop that has no starting or ending point. This concept can be applied to railway networks by modeling them as a closed loop where each location on the network is accessible via two different routes: one in each direction around the loop. The Concept of the Infinite Loop in Railway Networks Think of a railway network as a circle, with each position on the circle representing a station or an important point on the network. In this configuration, from any given point on the circle, a train can take two paths to reach another point: clockwise or counterclockwise. This eliminates the need for trains to reverse, improving operational efficiency and passenger comfort.